Learn About the U.S. Presidential Oath of Office

Since George Washington first said the words on April 30, 1789, as prompted by Robert Livingston Chancellor of State of New York, every President of the United States has repeated the following simple presidential oath of office as part of the inauguration ceremony: I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. The oath is worded and administered in accordance with Article II, Section I of the U.S. Constitution, which requires that â€Å"Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:† Who May Administer the Oath? While the Constitution does not stipulate who should administer the oath to the president, this is typically done by the Chief Justice of the United States. Constitutional law experts agree that the oath could also be administered by a judge or official of the lower federal courts. For example, 30th President Calvin Coolidge was sworn in by his father, then a Justice of the Peace and notary public in Vermont. Currently, Calvin Coolidge remains the only president to be sworn in by anyone other than a judge. Between 1789 (George Washington) and 2013 (Barack Obama), the oath has been administered by 15 Associate Justices, three federal judges, two New York state judges, and one notary public. Hours after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, U.S. District Court Judge Sarah T. Hughes became the first woman to administer the oath when she swore in Lyndon B. Johnson onboard Air Force One in Dallas, Texas. Forms of Administering the Oath Over the years, the presidential oath has been administered in two ways. In one form now rarely used, the person administering the oath posed it in the form of a question, as in, â€Å"Do you George Washington solemnly swear or affirm that ‘you’ will †¦Ã¢â‚¬  In its modern form, the person administering the oath poses it as an affirmative statement, with the incoming president repeating it verbatim, as in, â€Å"I, Barak Obama do solemnly ‘swear’ or ‘affirm that ‘I’ will †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Use of Bibles Despite the First Amendment’s â€Å"Establishment Clause† guaranteeing the separation of church and state, incoming presidents traditionally take the oath of office while raising their right hands while placing their left hands on Bible or other books of special – often religious -- significance to them. John Quincy Adams held a law book, indicating his intention to base his presidency on the Constitution. President Theodore Roosevelt did not use a bible while taking the oath in 1901. After George Washington kissed the bible he held while taking the oath, most other presidents have followed suit. Dwight D. Eisenhower, however, said a prayer rather than kissing the Bible he was holding. Use of the Phrase ‘So Help Me God’ Use of â€Å"So help me God† in the presidential oath calls into question the constitutional requirement for separation of church and state. Enacted by the First U.S. Congress, the Judiciary Act of 1789 explicitly required â€Å"So help me God† to be used in the oaths of all U.S. federal judges and other officers other than the president. In addition, the words of the presidential oath — as the only oath specifically spelled out in the Constitution — do not include the phrase. While not required by law, most presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt have added the phrase â€Å"So help me God† after reciting the official oath. Whether presidents before Roosevelt added the words is a source of debate among historians. Some say that both George Washington and Abraham Lincoln used the phrase, but other historians disagree. Much of the ‘So help me God’ debate hinges on the two manners in which the oath has been given. In the first, no longer used manner, the administrating official frames the oath as a question, as in â€Å"Do you Abraham Lincoln solemnly swear†¦,† which seems to demand an affirmative response. The current form of â€Å"I do solemnly swear (or affirm)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  demands a simple response of â€Å"I do† or â€Å"I swear.† In December 2008, atheist Michael Newdow, joined by 17 other people, plus 10 atheist groups, filed a lawsuit in the District Court for the District of Columbia against Chief Justice  John Roberts seeking to prevent the Chief Justice from saying â€Å"so help me God† in the inauguration of President Barack Obama. Newdow argued that the 35 words of the Constitution’s official presidential oath do not include the words. The District Court refused to issue an injunction preventing Roberts from using the phrase, and in May 2011, the U.S.  Supreme Court refused Newdows request to hear the case.   What About the Vice Presidents Oath? Under current federal law, the Vice President of the United States recites a different oath of office as follows: â€Å"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter: So help me God.† While the Constitution specifies that the oath taken by the vice president and other government officials states their intention to uphold the Constitution, it does not specify the exact wording of the oath. Traditionally, the vice president’s oath has been administered by the Chief Justice on inauguration day on the floor of the Senate shortly before the president-elect is sworn in.

Global Climatic Changes Essay - 1271 Words

Global Climatic Changes Introduction: Climatic change is a lasting change in the weather patterns around average conditions. Certain factors like global warming, greenhouse effect, biotic processes are some of the reasons for global climatic change. The average global temperatures have changed and the precipitation patterns as well. Over the past century human activities led to increase in the emission of heat trapping gases like carbon dioxide. The average earth’s temperature has risen by 1.4 ° F and it is also projected to rise about another 2-13.5 ° F in the coming decades. Large and potentially big shifts in weather and climate might result from small average weather conditions. Lot of†¦show more content†¦Since the start of industrial evolution, the concentration of carbon dioxide roughly increased by 32%. Co2 is also produced as by-product during manufacturing of cement. Deforestation results in increase of carbon dioxide and reduces its uptake by trees and plants. Methane is one of the greenhouse gases whose emissions are being increased a result of agricultural practices which includes raising livestock, decomposing garbage in landfills, sewage, transportation and due to all this, about 70% of methane is being produced by human activities. Use of fertilizers and burning of fossil fuels is resulting in the emission of another greenhouse gas called Nitrous Oxide. The effect of various greenhouse gases on earth’s climate depends on how long these gases or particles last in atmosphere. The concentration of carbon dioxide remains elevated for thousands of years and methane persist in atmosphere for decades of years after elevated. Also nature has its own influence on the global climatic changes. The two most important factors of nature that has its significant impact are the sun and volcanic eruptions. The global temperatures have risen sharply due to human and nature’s influence which has become increasingly obvious over the past three decades. Minor changes in Earth’s orbit around the Sun, tilt towards or away from the Sun areShow MoreRelatedHeat And Global Climatic Change1297 Words   |  6 Pages Heat and Global Climatic Change Why it is not the caused by the emission of carbon Dioxide which causes the global climatic change. Name: Mawada Alrehaili Instructor: Lawrence Anderson Subject: PHYS1750 Date: 12/11/2015 The general belief has been that the global climatic change has been caused greatly by the green house effect, which from the physics point of view is not true. Though the emission of carbon dioxide has been so high with the developing country especially US taking the leadRead MoreThe Climatic Changes And Global Warming Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesThe climatic changes have been an issue of controversies around scientists, politicians, and people in general. Indeed, there are many aspects in which climatic changes and global warming step in, being sources of controversies and disagreements. In this opportunity, the discussion about climatic changes will be divided into two different aspects, the first one involves how scientists think about the main cause of climatic changes while analyzing the question â€Å"Are humans responsible for climatic changesRead MoreThe Climatic Changes And Global Warming Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesThe climatic changes have been a controversial is sue over scientists, politicians, and people in general. Indeed, many aspects in which climatic changes and global warming step in are being sources of controversies and disagreements. In this opportunity, the discussion regarding climatic changes divides it into two different aspects, the first one involves how scientists think about the principal cause of climatic changes while analyzing the question â€Å"Are humans responsible for climatic changes? WhileRead MoreClimatic Changes And Global Warming1766 Words   |  8 PagesClimatic changes and global warming are the major issues of 21st century. 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Clinical Reasoning Skills-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Questions: 1.Explain your understanding of the Function of Clinical Reasoning Cycle in relation to Nursing Assessment. 2.List any additional Health Assessment data would need to be collected for this patient as part of a focused Nursing Assessment? 3.Considering the Patients Demographics Identify two focused Nursing Assessments that would assist you in Collecting appropriate Data for this Patient? Answers: 1.Clinical Reasoning Cycle is generally considered as an essential prerequisite in Nursing and other allied healthcare profession. It is referred to as the process by which the nurses as well as other healthcare professionals resort to the collection of cues, processing of information, acknowledging and arriving at a suitable understanding on matter relevant to the patient situation and issues. Further, they are capable of undertaking appropriate planning and implementation of interventions in conjunction with carrying out evaluation of outcomes thereby culminating in reflecting upon and learning from the process. It is imperative for effectively utilize the clinical reasoning cycle in order to harbor positive patient outcomes (Nightingale, 2015). In nursing assessment, those nursing personnel who are well equipped with clinical reasoning skills are able to exert positive influence on patient outcomes whereas the opposite holds true for those who fail in acquisition of the relevant s kills. Failure to detect the impending patient deterioration follows for the incapacity to utilize clinical reasoning skills. Thus, clinical reasoning cycle may be recognized as a vital tool for building excellence in rendering patient centered nursing care where possession of skills pertaining to clinical reasoning, critical thinking and reflective practice are crucial that enhances and sharpens with experience and proper training (Dalton, Gee Levett-Jones, 2015). 2.Nursing assessment is a crucial aspect of the treatment modality in case of patient handling to make way for holistic improvements thereby ensuring speedy recovery. In the context of the given case scenario, the patient has been found to suffer from myocardial infarction (MI) and has been admitted in the community healthcare centre for subsequent treatment. Upon admission, the vital parameters of the patient has been noted down by the attending nurse encompassing parameters related to body mass index, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, body temperature in addition to procuring data relevant to social lifestyle of the patient (Hunger et al., 2015). MI is found to be the resultant consequence of prolonged myocardial ischemia due to inadequate blood supply and terminates in irreversible necrosis and injury of the myocardial tissue and recording of vital signs is not sufficient to monitor response. Additional nursing assessments must include recording of electrocardiogram (E CG) to detect conduction defects, ischemia, injury or infarction. Documentation of the non-verbal and verbal cues along with procurement of information regarding pain including its localization, radiation, duration, intensity and characteristics must also be noted down. Quantification of the pain experienced relative to other experiences must be obtained as well apart from noting family history and prevalence of any other chronic disorder for the patient (McKee et al., 2014). 3.In the process of preparing treatment interventions for the patient, emphasis must be laid on making suitable and focused nursing assessments in order to procure appropriate data in relation to the patient condition. Moreover, it is also vital to consider the patients demographics comprising of the age, gender and lifestyle to pave the way for accurate treatment and consecutive diagnosis. It has been reported that the affected woman is nearing old age and is habituated to sedentary mode of lifestyle and is engaged in high stress employment. Additionally she is accustomed to smoking a packet of cigarettes daily. Therefore, considering all these important paraphernalia focused nursing assessments must be made to aid in proper diagnosis, evaluation and subsequent intervention for the concerned patient (Raskovalova et al., 2014). The age of the patient suggests that she is in post menopausal stage and therefore shows increased predisposition for getting affected by cardiovascular abnor malities. Thus, electrocardiogram must be conducted to derive pertinent data that might highlight the cardiovascular status of the patient thereby allaying the possibility of future recurrence of adverse outcomes following administration of suitable medications and other interventions. Further, assessment of hemodynamic variables must be undertaken to depict the enzymatic status including the creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase alongside other cardiovascular markers such as cardiac troponin, copeptin, leucocytes count and others (McCabe et al., 2014). Thus, these two techniques might satisfactorily assist in collection of appropriate data for making focused nursing assessments. References Dalton, L., Gee, T., Levett-Jones, T. (2015). Using clinical reasoning and simulation-based education to'flip'the Enrolled Nurse curriculum.Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, The,33(2), 29. Hunger, M., Kirchberger, I., Holle, R., Seidl, H., Kuch, B., Wende, R., Meisinger, C. (2015). Does nurse-based case management for aged myocardial infarction patients improve risk factors, physical functioning and mental health? The KORINNA trial.European journal of preventive cardiology,22(4), 442-450. McCabe, J. M., Kennedy, K. F., Eisenhauer, A. C., Waldman, H. M., Mort, E. A., Pomerantsev, E., ... Yeh, R. W. (2014). Reporting Trends and Outcomes in ST-SegmentElevation Myocardial Infarction National Hospital Quality Assessment ProgramsCLINICAL PERSPECTIVE.Circulation,129(2), 194-202. McKee, G., Biddle, M., ODonnell, S., Mooney, M., OBrien, F., Moser, D. K. (2014). Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction: What influences patients intentions to attend?.European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing,13(4), 329-337. Nightingale, K. E. (2015). Embedding Simulation-Based Learning in a Capstone Undergraduate Nursing Subject to Develop Clinical Reasoning Skills. Raskovalova, T., Twerenbold, R., Collinson, P. O., Keller, T., Bouvaist, H., Folli, C., ... Chenevier-Gobeaux, C. (2014). Diagnostic accuracy of combined cardiac troponin and copeptin assessment for early rule-out of myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European Heart Journal: Acute Cardiovascular Care,3(1), 18-27.

Sir Isaac Newton Was Born On December 25, 1642 At Woolsthorpe, Near Gr

Sir Isaac Newton was born on December 25, 1642 at Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire. When Isaac was three years old his mother left him in the care of his grandmother to get remarried. After his mother was widowed a second time, she sent Isaac to grammar school in Grantham. He was later sent to Trinity College, at the University of Cambridge in the summer of 1661. Newton received his bachelor's degree in 1665. After avoiding college because of the plague he returned to Trinity, which elected him to fellowship in 1667 and then received his master's degree in 1668. He pursued his own interests: mathematics and natural philosophy ignoring the established curriculum. Isaac investigated the latest developments in mathematics and the new natural philosophy, and almost immediately made a few discoveries. Newton's first achievement generalized the methods that were being used to draw tangents to curves and to calculate the are swept by curves. He recognized that the two procedures were inverse operations. Newton made the fluxional method by joining them and created the mathematics that is now known as calculus. This was a method that carried modern mathematics higher than the level of Greek geometry. Another of Newton's interests was optics. Newton tried to explain how colors occur and he had made a theory that the sunlight is a heterogeneous blend of different rays. He also thought that each of these rays represents a different color and that reflections and refractions cause colors to appear by separating the blend into its components. Newton demonstrated his theory by passing a beam of sunlight through a transparent prism. The prism had split the beam into separate colors. In August 1684 Newton got a visit from Edmund Halley, a British astronomer and mathematician, who discussed with Newton the problem of orbital motion. He had pursued the science of mechanics as an udergraduate, and at that time he had already entertained basic notions about universal gravitation. During the next two and a half years, Newton established the three laws of motion. He applied these laws to Kepler's laws of orbital motion and derived the law of universal gravitation, which explained that all bodies and space on earth are affected by the force called gravity. Newton published his theory in a book that marked a turning point in science, and also caught a lot of attention of others. Robert Hooke claimed that Newton had stolen from him a central idea of the book: that bodies attract each other with a force that varies inversely as the square of their distance. Most historians do not accept Hooke's charge of plagiarism. Sir Isaac Newton made important contributions to science and mathematics as you can see. He was part of the foundation of calculus, created three laws of motion, and the law of universal gravitation.

Free Essays on Airport Technology

Airport management â€Å"McCarran Airport† The McCarran International airport is located in Las Vegas Nevada just one mile south of the strip. The McCarran International Airport is part of the Clark county Airport system which owns and operates six airports, including five general aviation airports. These airports are operated under the policy direction of the Board of County Commissioners, the authority of the County Manager and the management of the director and Deputy Director of Aviation. The Department of Aviation is a self sufficient enterprise and operates without county general fund tax revenues. The areas of the McCarran airport that we will attempt to analyze are: the Airports’ history, current status, the future plans; design factors and an evaluation whether or not these factors are suitable for the existing and future needs of the airport. First we will discuss the current facts of the Airport. McCarran International is the fifth busiest airport in North America, and 12th in the world as of the year 2000. In 2001 passenger traffic was 35,203,808. Currently McCarran airport averages 96,449 passengers per day compared to the 1991 average of 55,266 per day. Between 1991 and 2000 passenger traffic has increased 74.5%. Currently more than 30 airlines provide nonstop service to more than 70 international and domestic destinations. All of the major airlines fly into the airport including United, southwest, American west, Delta, American, Continental and Northwest. This adds up to 30 Domestic Airlines, 23 International and 21 Charter. More than 900 daily schedule flights fly in and out of the Airport. McCarran offers nonstop scheduled service to Canada, Germany, Japan, Mexico and London. Also fourteen airfreight companies provide service through McCarran. McCarran consists of 92 aircraft gates at two separate terminal buildin gs. Terminal 1 has gates A-D with gate A totaling 19 gates, B 20 gates, C19 gates and D has 26 gates.... Free Essays on Airport Technology Free Essays on Airport Technology Airport management â€Å"McCarran Airport† The McCarran International airport is located in Las Vegas Nevada just one mile south of the strip. The McCarran International Airport is part of the Clark county Airport system which owns and operates six airports, including five general aviation airports. These airports are operated under the policy direction of the Board of County Commissioners, the authority of the County Manager and the management of the director and Deputy Director of Aviation. The Department of Aviation is a self sufficient enterprise and operates without county general fund tax revenues. The areas of the McCarran airport that we will attempt to analyze are: the Airports’ history, current status, the future plans; design factors and an evaluation whether or not these factors are suitable for the existing and future needs of the airport. First we will discuss the current facts of the Airport. McCarran International is the fifth busiest airport in North America, and 12th in the world as of the year 2000. In 2001 passenger traffic was 35,203,808. Currently McCarran airport averages 96,449 passengers per day compared to the 1991 average of 55,266 per day. Between 1991 and 2000 passenger traffic has increased 74.5%. Currently more than 30 airlines provide nonstop service to more than 70 international and domestic destinations. All of the major airlines fly into the airport including United, southwest, American west, Delta, American, Continental and Northwest. This adds up to 30 Domestic Airlines, 23 International and 21 Charter. More than 900 daily schedule flights fly in and out of the Airport. McCarran offers nonstop scheduled service to Canada, Germany, Japan, Mexico and London. Also fourteen airfreight companies provide service through McCarran. McCarran consists of 92 aircraft gates at two separate terminal buildin gs. Terminal 1 has gates A-D with gate A totaling 19 gates, B 20 gates, C19 gates and D has 26 gates....

Designer Babies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Designer Babies - Research Paper Example Parents should be allowed to modify their unborn child’s genes only for health reasons, and not cosmetic reasons. There are a number of parents who are not able to give birth to children. This is because it is proven scientifically that the baby will have a genetic disease and the baby will die when they are still young or in some instances the baby might even die before they are born. Parents always wish for the best when it comes to their baby and thus, they should be allowed to modify their unborn babies but only for health reasons. Recent research has shown that by use of various genetic techniques, parents can be assisted in preventing certain genetic diseases. Thus, these genetic techniques save the baby from undue suffering and death as well as assist in reducing emotional strain that is associated in bringing up an ill baby and also reduces medical costs significantly. This will evidently lead to happier parents and their babies. Further research done recently has prov en that there a number of parents who are giving birth to spare part children in few cases whereby if one baby suffers from a serious blood disease, the parents use IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) in selecting embryos in order to give birth to another baby who acts as a tailor-made, future bone marrow or blood donor. Such cases have shown that the baby will be born healthy and will assist the older baby stay well by being a donor (Bliss, 04). Where do we stop with enhancing and engineering unborn children? In instances like the spare part babies, it is unethical since doctors and parents are creating babies who act as an organ-donating factory and this should be discouraged at all cost. It is paramount to note that the fundamental issue of giving birth should be left to Mother Nature and when the spare part baby eventually grows up, they will be depressed once they discover that they born with the sole purpose of being an organ or blood donor. The principle behind giving birth is to ch erish and love the baby for what they are and not for what they can do for others (Naff, 08). Enhancing and engineering unborn children should strictly be done for health purposes only and not for cosmetic or spare part reasons. There is also a possibility of widening the already devastating imbalance between the poor and the rich since genetic techniques are extremely expensive and therefore only the rich can afford. This effectively means that only the rich will be able to eradicate genetic diseases in their families whereas the poor continue wallowing in the sea of genetic diseases (Murray and Dave Holmes, 11). The possibility of breeding a super-human race is indeed a reality since these designer babies will look down on those babies without genetic enhancements. Examples in reality are those people who are born with various disabilities and they are never comfortable when in the company of a normal person. They feel inferior and they also face intolerance. Thus, this discrimina tion against various people who are born with disabilities will evidently increase (Murray and Dave Holmes, 14). There is also the likelihood of parents being carried away in correcting perfectly healthy babies. This is possible since parents will always look for any opportunity to eliminate embryos since they have a gene for a particular disease and a dangerous trend will start

Quality assurance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Quality assurance - Assignment Example In the leadership, this serves as the head to a functioning body. The head houses the brain that guides the body’s processes through the brain. This is the same as the company in which its functions are all linked by the leadership or head office. Without this, there is a high chance of chaos and as such products being produced will be substandard. Sub-Standard material doesn’t attract customers and the lower the number the customers, the lower the profit made. Leadership and customers and production quality are all connected, and thus leaders should be carefully chosen (Bounds, 2004; 45). While a company should be able to produce good material remember well is the enemy of great. In order to get to a great one should be able to improve one’s good level and make it better by the day. The customer as well as the leadership will be able to note this in terms of the output. The production in the end is not the only way improvement will be noted. The workers too will be able to note the improvement of the company in terms of the environment. This attracts more customers to the organization, hence profiting the company. In management, there are various roles that ensure a company goes in the right direction. The position limits of the workers make sure that the workers do not interfere in the others work. How does this make effective quality assurance possible? It enables specialization, and specialization produces better products when each producer in a line of production processes makes sure their process is fully mastered and understood (Hakes, 2011; 34). This brings the end product as a high-quality product that a customer is happy to use. This ultimately brings the customer back and thus the act of loyal customers who are satisfied from the work done. The other role is that the role of team-play comes in the picture, and this enables the group to work cohesively. This action of team-play allows for contribution of effective quality